Literature Review on Breast Cancer Research

Literature Review on nipple Cancer ResearchAashiyana VadsariyaIntroduction Evaluation is a shape of redirect examinationing of any create mentally, project or policy, its design and results. The important objective of doing military rating is to card the military capability of the programme or policy, its stir and sustainability. Evaluation attends to solve the worry as well as to build the knowledge and it enhances the decision qualification process and thus evaluation is an important part of gauge improvement (The wellness Foundation, 2015).There atomic number 18 different types of evaluation much(prenominal) as formative evaluation, military issue evaluation, process evaluation, furbish up evaluation and economic evaluation which can be conducted to ensure programme activities. Moreover, vigorous evaluation provides not only intimately intervention that is turned but it also describes why and how that allows an individual to discover new interventions in healthc are settings. Additionally, it involves ethical approval, collection and analysis of data (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).Background of the instructAccording to Ministry of health (2015), converge crabby person is the third or so common cancer in New Zealand. It causes more than 600 deaths every course of instruction. Breast cancer is most common over the age of 50 and risk of developing embrace cancer increases as age increases. Approximate 80% of women are over 50 years of age who died because of dope cancer. There are 8 cases diagnosed with breast cancer every day, out of them 1 will be Maori and pacific women who are at higher risk of dying from breast cancer. Maori women are more likely to develop breast cancer about 33% than non-Maori women (The New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation, 2013).National Breast Cancer Foundation describes certain(p) risk factors which increases the chance of developing cancer such as age, gender, positive family history, p ersonal health history and genetic factors. Ministry of Health have started the programme called Breast Cancer Screen Aotearoa to fight against breast cancer by providing free breast screen to the women aged 45-69 years of age. The main objective of this programme is to quail number of deaths from breast cancer by providing them regular book binding (National Screening Unit, 2014).This paper will critically evaluate five (5) search papers of breast cancer that were published worldwide focusing on their significance, methodology and quality and will analyse the quartette (4) audit and evaluation processes and begines such as outcome, process, impact, economic evaluation from the evaluated breast cancer research papers. scotch evaluation of the breast cancer cover song programme in the Basque area retrospective address-effectiveness and budget impact analysis.This study evaluated the breast cancer early detection programme in Basque country in relation to apostrophize effect iveness and budget impact from 1996 to 2011. The detective has utilise population level and single age group analysis methodology. Annual costs were spend a pennyn into consideration for budget impact analysis. The results of this study showed that total cost of breast cancer masking piece program was 1,127 million euros and 6.7 million QALYs over the lifetime of the target population, bringing about a pickup of 8,666 QALYs for an extra cost of 36.4 million euros (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).The detective has finally summed up that the breast cover charge programme ran in Basque country was cost effective and as per obstinate budget impact. This study contributes to measure cost effectiveness of this breast cancer screening programme and evaluate its budget in order to decide the incoming of this programme.A review of breast cancer sentience among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit?This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness a bout risk factors leads to breast cancer in Indian women and healthcare professionals through literature review. The researcher apply bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane database of taxonomical reviews and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health. The findings of the research suggested that total 7066 number of women among ages of 15-70 years reflected different level of awareness on risk factors such as family history (13-58%), obesity (11-50%) and reproductive history around 1-88% (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).Low cancer literacy on risk factors of breast cancer among Indian women and healthcare professional noted during research process irrespective of their socio-economic status and education was (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015). This study contributes to aware the nation about programmes and to improve the cancer literacy rate in India by engaging various stakeholders of society and health system.National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, capi tal of Singapore Evaluation of participation and performance indicators.The researcher evaluated participation grade and performance indicators in the National Breast Cancer screening programme in Singapore during this study. This study involved the use of retrospective evaluation approach by using the BSS system and the Singapore Cancer Registry data on women aged 40-69 screened in period of 2002-2009. The results showed that participation rate was more than 10% since 2005 and performance indicators (such as screen detection rates, small tumour detection rates, recall rates, accuracy and interval cancer rates were improved from 2002-2006 to 2007-2009 (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015).This study indicated that in that respect is room for improvement in participation rate in breast cancer screening in Singapore by providing screening packages, reducing screening cost and targeting underserved populations. This study contributes to improve the participation rate of breast cancer screening programme for the effectiveness of the BreastScreen Singapore by providing training opportunities to the healthcare professionals. concern of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.This study was conducted to determine the impact of differences in rates of mammographic screening on inequities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and Pakeha women. The researcher used Waikato Breast Cancer Register and the National Screening Database to compare the data for diagnosis and survival between screen detect and non screen detected breast cancer by socio-economic status and ethnicity. The results indicated that there were lower rate of screen detected cancer in Maori women and also they had lower 10 year breast cancer survival rate as compared to Pakeha women (46.5% vs. 73.2%) (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015).The study determined that lower rate of screening detected breast cancer was the important background for lower rate of survival for Maori women in comparison to European women. This study contributes to assess the screening rates, to improve the survival for Maori women and to reduce inequity for the breast cancer survival among Maori and New Zealand European women.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeThis research was carried out to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. This study estimated the effects of the national breast screening programme in regards to breast cancer incidence, mortality and over-diagnosis of breast cancer. The researcher has used quantitative methodology and retrospective case control study to describe the policy on mammographic screening. The findings suggested that there is decrease in incidence by screening, surfeit risk of disease in screened ages from 47-54 years and potential deficit in risk seen between the ages of 65-69 years up to 15 y ears of screening (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).This research concluded that case control evaluation strategy relates the clinical endpoints to the screening history. This study contributes to measure the effectiveness of the national breast screening programme in England, benefits on mortality from and on incidence of invasive primary breast cancer and harms from over-diagnosis.Audit and Evaluation processesEconomic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque outlandish retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis.Economic evaluation is one of the most important forms of evaluation which measures the expenditure and their consequences and also describes about allocation of the resources (Cunningham, 2000). In this research, the researcher has used economic evaluation to measure cost effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country from 1996 to 2011. This study was chiefly based on budget impact analysis and retrospective cost effectiveness evaluation to determine what resources are being used in programme and their costs as compare to outcomes (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).Economic evaluation in this research took a step back and looked objectively in context to appropriate role and use of cost effective analysis in order to determine the outcome of the breast cancer screening programme. This research revealed that the breast screening programme was found to be cost effective within determined budget impact (Arrospide, Rue Van Ravesteyn et al., 2016).A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit?Outcome evaluation identifies the effects of the programme in target populations by reviewing effectiveness of programme (Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).The researcher used outcome evaluation to determine awareness levels of risk factors for breast cancer among women and healthcare professional in India. This outc ome evaluation was undertaken through a structured literature review by using bibliographic databases journals (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).The main settle of this outcome evaluation in this study was to assess the cancer literacy among women in India because of the rising incidence and mortality rates from breast cancer. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that there was a low literacy rate among Indian women regarding risk factors that causes breast cancer through this evaluation study (Gupta, Shridhar Dhillon, 2015).National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performance indicators.Process evaluation was conducted to assess how this breast screening programme is being implemented whereas outcome evaluation was conducted to measure the outcome and effectiveness of this programme (NYS Health Foundation, 2016). The researcher used outcome and process evaluation to evaluate the participation rates and performance indicators in the Nat ional Breast Cancer Screening programme in Singapore. Data was collected on women aged 40-69 screened during period of 2002-2009 from the BreastScreen Singapore and Singapore Cancer Registry (Loy, Molinar Chow, 2015).Process and outcome evaluation was helpful to determine the rate of participation and performance indicators, to measure the quality of the programme delivered and to assess the effectiveness of the breast screen Singapore programme. This evaluation allows researcher to examine the performance of this Breast Screen Singapore programme and to recommend further changes if required.Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study.Impact evaluation measures whether the programme is effective in achieving its goal or not. Generally, it identifies long term effects and changes in outcome based on cause and effect analysis (Collins, 2017). The researcher utilised impact evalu ation to determine the impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socio economic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between Maori and European women. The researcher collected data by using National Screening Database and Waikato Breast cancer Register (Seneviratne, Campbell Scott, et al., 2015).Impact evaluation was carried out to measure the impact of screening programme on ethnic and socio economic inequities for breast cancer survival rate which can be useful for government to take necessary actions and to form policies in healthcare settings to reduce inequalities in health.An ongoing case-control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programmeProcess evaluation determines the effectiveness of the programme and how well the programme is working (Community Interventions for Health, 2017). The researcher used process and impact evaluation to evaluate the national breast screening programme in England. Impact evaluation was helpful to identify the impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Data was gathered by traditional retrospective case control study of deaths and incidences cases of breast cancer in England within 2 years of period during this ongoing evaluation (Massat, Sasieni Parmar et al., 2013).The main purpose of impact evaluation is to see that breast cancer screening programme is working effectively and is doing well than harm. Process evaluation can help to ensure that the breast screening programme continues to deliver the predicted health benefits and potentially improve the programme by assessing the good and bad practices.Evaluative ModelThe (CIPP) manakin The CIPP evaluation puzzle is developed by Stufflebeam in 1983 which provides comprehensive framework for the evaluation of the programmes. The CIPP model consists of four components which are context, Input, Process and product evaluation. The CIPP model mainly focuses on improvement of the programme rather than justif ying about the programme. The main purpose of this CIPP model is to offer critical and rational basis for the programme decision making by applying different aspects of this evaluation model according to the needs of decision makers and programme activities based on the planning and implementation for the continuous improvement of the programme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).The context, input and process evaluation approach are based on formative evaluation whereas product approach is useful for summative evaluation study. The four elements of the evaluation model must be taken into consideration otherwise it could reduce the effectiveness of the project. The context evaluation study can be conducted when a new programme is being planned which helps to identify the program goals and objectives by assessing needs whereas the input evaluation study can be conducted during resource allocation to assess the feasibility or the cost effectiveness of the alternate approaches. It provides systematic approach to programme design and helps the evaluators and experts to develop the programme which is most likely to work better (Frye Hemmer, 2012).Source Adapted from Stufflebeams CIPP Evaluation Model (1983). Retrieved from http//arcmit01.uncw.edu/jonesi/Evaluation.htmlThe process evaluation helps the evaluators and stakeholders to assess the implementation of the programme and to interpret the outcomes of the programme through document review, observance and participant interview. On the other hand, the product evaluation is similar to outcome evaluation which focuses on assessing the outcomes of the programme including positive or negative, short term or long term outcomes. In general, the CIPP model provides in organic law about improvement of the programme, interpretation of the programme outcomes and information for accountability. However, careful planning is needed while applying this model. This model is useful for retrospective evaluation of a completed progra mme (Kellaghan Stufflebeam, 2003).This evaluation model can contribute to measure the effectiveness of the breast cancer screening programme run by Ministry of Health in New Zealand. The four elements of the model can be used to improve the programme by identifying the non-compliance of women for the breast screening programme. Auditing and evaluating the breast cancer screening programme helps to know the barriers and promote the awareness regarding breast cancer to provide beast quality care function to the New Zealanders. Furthermore, staying healthier is one of priorities of the Ministry of health. It can be achieved through evaluating the programme and implementing a change accordingly if needed.Conclusion Evaluation research is an essential woodpecker to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme or to know how well the programme is working. Evaluation research helps managers and stakeholders of the organisation to improve the performance of the organisation and to provide the quality care health services. Staff and clients can be encouraged to provide useful feedback about the programme which helps in decision making and policy formation about the programme and thus improving the services provided by organisation.ReferencesArrospide, A., Rue, M., Van Ravesteyn, N. T., Comas, M., Soto-Gordoa, M., Sarriugarte, G., Mar, J. (2016). Economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening programme in the Basque Country retrospective cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1). doi10.1186/s12885-016- 2386-yCentre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/std/Program/pupestd/Types%20of%20Evaluation.pdfCollins, K.B. (2017). What is Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from http//programs.online.american.edu/online-graduate-certificates/project- monitoring/resource/what-is-impact-evaluationCommunity Interventions for Health. (2017). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http//www.oxha.org/cih_man ual/index.php/process-evaluationCunningham, S.J. (2000). Economics Economic evaluation of healthcare is it important to us? Retrieved from http//www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v188/n5/full/4800444a.htmlFrye, A. W., Hemmer, P. A. (2012). Program evaluation models and related theories AMEE Guide No. 67. Medical Teacher, 34(5), e288-e299. doi10.3109/0142159x.2012.66863Gupta, A., Shridhar, K., Dhillon, P. (2015). A review of breast cancer awareness among women in India Cancer literate or awareness deficit? European Journal of Cancer, 51(14), 2058-2066. doi10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.008Kellaghan, T., Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). International handbook of educational evaluation. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from http//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-010-0309-4_4Loy, E. Y., Molinar, D., Chow, K. Y., Fock, C. (2015). National Breast Cancer Screening Programme, Singapore Evaluation of participation and performance indicators. Journal of Medical Screening, 22(4), 194- 200. doi10.1177/0969141315589644Massat, N. J., Sasieni, P. D., Parmar, D., Duffy, S. W. (2013). An ongoing case- control study to evaluate the NHS breast screening programme. BMC Cancer, 13(1). doi10.1186/1471-2407-13-596Ministry of Health. (2015). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from http//www.health.govt.nz/your-health/conditions-and-treatments/diseases- and-illnesses/breast-cancerNational Screening Unit. (2014). BreastScreen Aotearoa. Retrieved from https//www.nsu.govt.nz/breastscreen-aotearoa/about-breast-screening- programmeNYS Health Foundation. (2016). Process Evaluation. Retrieved from http//nyshealthfoundation.org/our-grantees/grantee-resources/process- evaluationSeneviratne, S., Campbell, I., Scott, N., Shirley, R., Lawrenson, R. (2015). Impact of mammographic screening on ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in New Zealand a cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15(1). doi10.1186/s12889-015-1383-4The Health Foundation. (2015). Evaluat ion what to consider. Retrieved from http//www.health.org.uk/sites/health/files/EvaluationWhatToConsider.pdfThe New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation. (2013). New Zealand Breast Cancer Facts. Retrieved from http//nzbcf.org.nz/BREASTCANCER/Overview/BreastCancerinNZ/Fastfacts.a spx